What are Retroviruses: Symptoms, Treatment & How to Prevent

Retroviruses are distinctive types of viruses that have genetic material made up of RNA rather than DNA. These retrovirus agents are well-known for their capacity to integrate their RNA into the host cell's DNA, making them a potential threat to human health.

Common retroviruses include HIV, which causes AIDS, and HTLV, which has been related to some kinds of leukaemia.

In this article, we explore the captivating realm of retroviruses, investigating their symptoms, effects on human health, and treatment.

Team Digit

What does Retrovirus Mean?

Retroviruses are a type of virus distinguished by their genetic material, which is made up of RNA. They have a fantastic ability to incorporate their genetic material into the host cell's DNA, potentially causing diseases such as HIV/AIDS.

Because of their intricate life cycles and ability to manipulate genetic information, these viruses are both fascinating and medically significant subjects of study.

What are the Types and Associated Symptoms of Retroviruses?

Following are different types of retroviruses and their common symptoms associated with retroviral infections:

Sl. No.	Retrovirus Name	Symptoms
1	HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)	Early flu-like symptoms Progresses to AIDS with weakened immune system and opportunistic infections Weight loss Fatigue
2	HTLV (Human T-cell lymphotropic Virus)	ATLL (Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma) HAM/TSP (HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis)
3	Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus (MPMV)	Neurological symptoms Tumors
4	Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)	Anemia Lymphoma Immunosuppression in cats Fever, weight loss, respiratory issues
5	Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV)	Mammary tumours in mice
6	Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV)	Fever Anemia Weakness Weight loss
7	Avian Leukosis Virus (ALV)	Various tumours in birds, affecting overall health
8	Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)	Immunodeficiency Opportunistic infections
9	Visna-Maedi Virus (VMV)	Respiratory issues Weight loss Neurological symptoms
10	Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)	Lymphoma Reduced milk production Weight loss

How do Retroviruses Affect Human Health?

Humans are vulnerable to the three types of retroviruses:

Impact of HIV

HIV is spread by body fluids and needle sharing. Furthermore, mothers might pass the virus to their offspring during childbirth or breastfeeding. Because HIV assaults and destroys CD4 T cells, which are critical for assisting the body in fighting infections, the immune system gradually deteriorates.

A person can develop acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if an HIV infection is not treated with medicines. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection and can result in the development of life-threatening opportunistic infections and malignancies.

Impact of Types 1 and 2 Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)

HTLV1 is predominantly found in Japan, the Caribbean, and areas of Africa. Sexual contact, blood transfusions, and needle sharing are all ways for it to spread. Breastfeeding mothers might also pass the infection to their children.

HTLV1 is linked to the emergence of acute T-cell leukaemias. It is also linked to HTLV1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, a neurological condition affecting the spinal cord.

North, Central, and South America are the primary regions of occurrence for HTLV2, about which less information is available.

How are Retroviruses Transmitted?

There are several different ways that retroviruses might spread, each with its own set of subtleties.

1. Transmission from Mother to Child:

It is possible for a mother to pass on a retrovirus to her kid during or shortly after delivery.
The virus can be passed from mother to child during labour and delivery by contact with the mother's blood and other bodily fluids.
The virus may be present in breast milk and be transmitted from an infected mother to her nursing infant.

2. Direct Contact with Bodily Fluids:

Contact with infected bodily fluids is the primary mode of transmission for retroviruses like HIV.
One standard route of transmission is through unprotected sexual contact with an infected person. Semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and cervical secretions may contain the virus.
When people who use intravenous drugs share needles and other drug paraphernalia, they put themselves and others at risk.
Transmission by Contact with Infected Blood: Needlestick Injuries and Other Exposures to Infected Blood Can Spread the Disease.

3. Transmission in Animals

There are specific pathways that retroviruses can use to transmit between animals.
The Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is commonly spread between cats through bite wounds sustained during cat fights. It can also be spread through intimate touch, including grooming.
Transmission of bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) in cattle occurs predominantly through common feeding and milking practices, where infected blood and milk are exchanged.

4. Via Vector Insects

Insect vectors can play a role in transmitting several retroviruses, including the Human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV).
Mosquito bites and other insect bites have been implicated as potential vectors. Some insects' saliva could contain the virus.

5. Via Organ Transplants

Although instances of retrovirus transmission by organ transplantation are uncommon, they have occurred when the donor was infected with the virus. This threat has been greatly reduced in recent years because of strict screening methods.

How are Retroviruses Different From Other Viruses?

There are many ways in which retroviruses stand out from the crowd in the field of virology. Following is a comparison of retroviruses to different types of viruses:

1. Transcribing Backwards

Only retroviruses undergo the unique process of reverse transcription. They use an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to transform their RNA genome into DNA.
Other viruses replicate by copying their genomic RNA or DNA.

2. The Process of Merging with Host DNA

The DNA of a retrovirus becomes part of the genome of the host cell. This fusion is irreversible and can cause persistent infections.
Many viruses, unlike retroviruses, replicate independently of the host genome, resulting in infections that are often acute rather than persistent.

3. Delay and Tenacity

Retroviruses can hide from the immune system by entering a dormant state inside host cells. This tenacity distinguishes retroviral infections..
The immune system typically eliminates most other viruses after an acute infection, and most viruses do not maintain long-term latent infections.

4. Potential for Oncogenicity

Cancer can be caused by some retroviruses infecting host cells. These viruses are called oncogenic retroviruses, and they cause cancer by causing mutations in the host cell's DNA.
Although some other viruses (such as certain strains of human papillomavirus and hepatitis B/C viruses) are also capable of causing cancer, retroviruses are special because they can induce oncogenesis by directly integrating into the host genome.

5. Methods of Transmission

Direct contact with infected bodily fluids, such as during sexual activity or the use of shared needles, is the primary route of transmission for retroviruses like HIV.
Other viruses, such as influenza and coronaviruses, transmit through airborne droplets, while others, such as Zika and Dengue, rely on insects as transmission vectors.

6. Targets for Antiviral Treatment

Antiretroviral medications, such as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), primarily target the reverse transcriptase enzyme in retroviruses.
Since most other viruses replicate differently, antiviral medicines that target reverse transcription are only partially effective.

7. Problems with Vaccines

The rapid mutation rates of retroviruses and the difficulty in targeting integrated viral DNA have made it challenging to develop vaccinations against them.
While other viruses still provide difficulties in vaccine development, their immune response targets are frequently simpler to manipulate.

What is the Treatment for Retroviruses?

There is currently no treatment for retroviral infections. However, a range of treatments can assist in keeping them under control. Some of them are:

Treatment for HTLV1 and HTLV2

Chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplants are frequently used to treat acute T-cell leukaemia caused by HTLV1.
Interferon and zidovudine may also be used in conjunction. Both of these medications aid in preventing retroviruses from invading new cells and replicating.

Treatment for HIV

For the treatment of HIV, specific antiviral drugs known as antiretroviral therapy (ART) are available.
ART can aid in the reduction of viral load in HIV patients. The amount of HIV detectable in a person's blood is called viral load.
Patients undergoing ART are given a cocktail of medicines. Each of these drugs works in a different way to combat the virus. This is significant because the virus mutates quickly, making it resistant to some medicines.

Thus, retroviruses, such as HIV and HTLV, pose a considerable health risk due to their RNA genetic material and unique integration into host cell DNA. They are distinguished from other viruses by using reverse transcription, carcinogenic potential, and varied transmission routes. Though not curative, certain treatments improve patients' quality of life and lower the danger of transmission.

FAQs about What Are Retroviruses

All

What are the applications of retroviruses?

Various approaches are being developed to transfer genes to treat hereditary and acquired disorders. Retroviral vectors are the most often utilised gene transfer technique in humans today.

Who invented the retrovirus?

The first human retroviruses (HTLV-I) were discovered in 1980 by Robert C. Gallo and colleagues and verified in 1981 by Yorio Hinuma and colleagues. These discoveries depended on Gallo and colleagues' 1976 discovery of interleukin 2, or T-cell growth factor as it was known at the time.

Can a retrovirus mutate DNA?

Retroviruses clearly depend on and are impacted by their hosts, but they can also have a significant impact on the genetic composition of their hosts by mutating their DNA.