What is Influenza Virus: Meaning, Transmission and How to Prevent

Influenza virus, commonly known as the flu, is a formidable and ever-evolving pathogen that has shaped human history. This highly contagious virus causes seasonal outbreaks of respiratory illness worldwide, with symptoms ranging from fever, cough, and body aches to severe complications that can be life-threatening, especially for vulnerable populations.

Keep reading to know more about its causes, treatment, various ways to prevent it, and other crucial aspects.

Team Digit

What is Influenza Virus?

influenza is a highly contagious virus that causes seasonal flu outbreaks. It infects the respiratory system, leading to symptoms like fever, cough and body aches. In severe cases, it can result in hospitalisation or even death, particularly among the elderly and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Influenza's ability to mutate necessitates annual flu vaccines to combat its changing strains and reduce its impact on public health.

How is Influenza Virus Transmitted?

Transmission of the influenza virus occurs through various routes, making it highly contagious. Here are the key points:

Airborne Droplets

The primary transmission mode is through respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. These droplets can travel several feet and be inhaled by nearby individuals.

Direct Contact

Touching surfaces contaminated with the virus, such as doorknobs or shared objects, and then touching the face can introduce the virus into the body.

Indirect Contact

Close contact with infected individuals, including hugging or shaking hands, can facilitate the virus transfer.

Asymptomatic Transmission

Some people infected with influenza can spread the virus even before they show symptoms or while they remain asymptomatic, contributing to its rapid spread.

Airborne Transmission

In enclosed spaces with poor ventilation, the virus can linger in the air as tiny aerosolised particles, posing a higher risk of inhalation.

Surface Contamination

Influenza can survive on surfaces for hours to days, serving as a transmission source if not properly disinfected.

What are the Symptoms of the Influenza Virus?

Symptoms of influenza virus can range from mild to severe, often resembling those of other respiratory illnesses. Here are the distinctive pointers:

Fever

High fever, often exceeding 100.4°F (38°C), is a prominent early sign.

Chills and Sweating

Intense chills followed by profuse sweating are common.

Muscle Aches

Severe muscle or body aches can be debilitating.

Fatigue

Profound exhaustion and weakness are typical, lasting for several days.

Coughing

Persistent dry or phlegmy coughing is common.

Sore Throat

Throat irritation and pain are often present.

Headache

Severe headaches are prevalent, particularly in adults.

Nasal Congestion

A stuffy or runny nose may occur.

Shortness of Breath

Especially in individuals with underlying respiratory conditions like asthma.

Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Some individuals may experience nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea, though this is more common in children.

Chest Discomfort

This can occur, especially with severe coughing.

Loss of Appetite

Many people with the flu report a diminished desire to eat.

What are the Causes of Influenza Virus Infection?

Influenza viruses, a wide collection of pathogens that can infect humans and animals, are the primary cause of influenza.

Airborne Transmission

The virus travels via respiratory droplets expelled when an infected individual coughs, sneezes, or talks, with potential direct inhalation.

Fomite Transmission

The virus can also be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces like doorknobs or keyboards and subsequently touching the eyes, nose, or mouth.

Contagious Period

Individuals infected with influenza are typically contagious from a day before symptom onset until around 5 to 7 days afterwards. In specific cases, such as children or those with weakened immune systems, contagion may persist slightly longer.

Viral Evolution

Influenza viruses constantly mutate, leading to the emergence of new strains. Prior exposure or vaccination generates antibodies tailored to specific strains, potentially providing immunity or reducing the severity of illness upon future encounters.

Antibody Limitations

Over time, antibody levels may wane, and antibodies targeting past influenza strains may not offer protection against novel variants, which can significantly differ from previous exposures.

How is the Influenza Virus Diagnosed?

Diagnosing influenza involves a comprehensive approach tailored to individual circumstances:

Clinical Assessment

Your healthcare provider will perform a physical examination and evaluate your flu-like symptoms.

Symptom-based Diagnosis

During widespread flu outbreaks, testing may not always be necessary, and a diagnosis may be based on symptom presentation.

Co-Infection Consideration

Sometimes, you may undergo testing for both influenza and COVID-19, as co-infections can occur. Simultaneous detection helps in distinguishing between the two respiratory illnesses.

How is Influenza Virus Treated?

Treatment for influenza virus, commonly known as the flu, primarily focuses on symptom management and supportive care. Here are key pointers for managing influenza:

Rest and Hydration

Adequate rest and maintaining good hydration levels are crucial to help the body recover and combat the infection.

Antiviral Medication

In certain cases, healthcare providers may prescribe antiviral medications like oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza), particularly for individuals at high risk of complications or severe illness. These medications work best when started within 48 hours of symptom onset.

Over-the-counter Medications

Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs can provide relief from specific symptoms. For example, pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help reduce fever and alleviate body aches.

Antibiotics

In some instances, secondary bacterial infections like pneumonia may develop. Antibiotics may be prescribed to address these bacterial complications.

Humidifiers

Using a humidifier in the room can add moisture to the air, easing respiratory discomfort.

Isolation

Infected individuals should stay home to prevent the spread of the virus to others until they are fever-free for at least 24 hours without using fever-reducing medications.

Following Medical Precision

It's essential to follow healthcare provider recommendations, take prescribed medications as directed, and seek medical attention promptly if symptoms worsen or if you are in a high-risk category.

How to Prevent Influenza Virus Infection?

Here are some preventative tips for prevention of influenza Virus:

Annual Vaccination

The most effective strategy to prevent influenza is to get a flu vaccination every year. Vaccination lowers your chance of infection and can diminish the intensity of your symptoms if you do become ill.

Hand Hygiene

Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds regularly, especially after being in public or in close contact with people. When soap and water are unavailable, use alcohol-based hand sanitisers with a minimum alcohol level of 60%.

Respiratory Health

When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow to avoid the discharge of virus-laden respiratory droplets into the air.

Avoid Close Contact

Avoid close contact with sick people and stay home if you feel ill to prevent the virus from spreading.

Face Masks

Consider using a mask to limit the risk of inhaling or transmitting respiratory droplets, especially in crowded or indoor environments.

Good Hydration and Nutrition

To strengthen your immune system, maintain a healthy lifestyle with adequate hydration and a well-balanced diet. Cleaning and disinfecting regularly touched objects such as doorknobs, light switches, and shared gadgets should be done regularly.

Avoid Touching Your Face

To avoid bringing the virus into your body, avoid contacting your eyes, nose, and mouth with unclean hands.

Precautions for Travel

If you are travelling during flu season, take precautions and consider immunisation.

What are the Risk Factors of Influenza Virus?

Individuals may be more susceptible to influenza virus infections if certain risk factors are present:

Lung Illness Vulnerability

Individuals with pre-existing lung disorders, such as asthma or other lung diseases, are more likely to develop the influenza virus.

These infections are highly contagious and can result in serious complications such as pneumonia, dehydration, ear infections, and worsening of pre-existing lung disorders.

Cardiovascular Complications

Influenza viruses can cause additional stress on the body, especially in people who already have heart disease.

This viral infection can potentially affect heart rate and blood pressure, raising the risk of stroke or heart attack. Those with heart issues may find it especially difficult to manage the infection.

Diabetic Problems

Diabetes Mellitus has been connected to the severity of influenza infections. People with diabetes may experience more severe symptoms, and influenza can even be fatal in rare situations.

Renal Risk

Individuals with chronic kidney illnesses or disorders are at a higher risk of contracting the influenza virus.

Influenza remains a significant public health concern due to its contagious nature and potential for severe complications, especially among vulnerable populations. Given the virus's ever-changing strains, annual vaccination campaigns play a crucial role in mitigating its impact. Understanding the virus's transmission, diverse symptoms, and diagnostic methods aids in timely and effective management.

FAQs about Influenza Virus

All

Why is it given the name the influenza virus?

influenza is a contagious viral infection. The term "influenza" derives from an outbreak in 15th-century Italy that was blamed on the "influence of the stars." The earliest known pandemic, or worldwide epidemic, that definitely fits the criteria of influenza occurred in 1580.

How do you test for the influenza virus?

These diagnostics include reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), viral culture, and immunofluorescence assays. All of these tests need a healthcare practitioner to swab the inside of your nose or the back of your throat with a swab and then send the swab for testing.

Does the influenza lower WBC levels?

The flu is very tough on the body and might suppress white blood cells.