Cat Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Cats are beloved members of many households, offering companionship, comfort, and joy. Just like humans, cats can also be susceptible to various health issues, including cancer.

Cat cancer, also known as feline neoplasia, refers to the abnormal growth of cells that can form tumours. These tumours can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and early detection plays a crucial role in ensuring the best possible outcome for your feline friend.

That’s why every cat owner must know the different types of tumours in cats, their symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options.

Cat cancer is more common than we might think. Cancer in cats is a concern, but its prevalence can vary depending on age, breed, and overall health. According to veterinary sources, cancer is estimated to account for about 1 in 3 cat deaths, making it a significant health issue for felines.

Regular veterinary check-ups, awareness of common signs of cancer (such as lumps, changes in appetite, weight loss, lethargy, and difficulty breathing), and providing a healthy lifestyle can all contribute to reducing the risk of cancer in cats or catching it in its early stages when treatment options are more effective.

Cat cancer can be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Here are the main causes of tumours in cats:

• Viral Infections: Certain viral infections can increase the risk of cancer in cats. The feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) weakens the immune system, making cats more susceptible to various types of cancer.
• Exposure to Sunlight: Sun exposure, especially to ultraviolet (UV) rays, can lead to skin cancer in cats. Light-coloured cats and those with sparse fur are particularly vulnerable. Ensuring outdoor time is limited during peak sunlight hours and providing shaded areas can help reduce this risk.
• Secondhand Smoke: Exposure to secondhand smoke can harm cats, including an increased risk of cancer. Cats living in homes with smokers are more likely to develop oral squamous cell carcinoma and lymphoma. Creating a smoke-free environment benefits both you and your feline companion.
  
• Age: As cats age, their risk of developing cancer increases. Older cats are more likely to experience cellular mutations that can lead to cancerous growth. Regular veterinary check-ups and screenings become even more crucial as cats enter their senior years.
  
• Environmental Factors: Exposure to environmental hazards can significantly impact a cat's risk of developing cancer. Substances like tobacco, smoke, household chemicals, and outdoor pollutants can contribute to the development of cancerous cells over time. Limiting a cat's exposure to such harmful elements is essential.
  
• Diet and Nutrition: A well-balanced diet is crucial to a cat's overall health. Poor nutrition or feeding a diet high in processed foods can weaken the immune system, making cats more susceptible to cancer. A diet rich in high-quality proteins and essential nutrients can bolster their immunity.
  
• Obesity: Just like in humans, obesity is a significant risk factor for cancer in cats. Excess body weight can lead to inflammation and hormonal imbalances that contribute to the growth of cancer cells. Maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise is vital.
  
• Toxic Substances: Ingestion of toxic substances, such as certain plants, medications, and chemicals, can lead to cancer in cats. Keeping toxic substances out of reach and ensuring a safe indoor environment can prevent accidental exposure.

Cat cancer can manifest in various forms, each with its unique symptoms. Here are some of the most common types of tumours in cats and their corresponding symptoms:

1. Lymphoma

Lymphoma, also known as lymphosarcoma, is one of the most common types of cancer in cats. It arises from the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, and primarily impacts the lymphatic system and can occur in different parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, intestines, and even the skin. If your cat shows the following symptoms, they may have Lymphoma cancer:

Enlarged lymph nodes, especially in the neck, armpits, and groin.

• Loss of appetite and weight loss.
• Vomiting and diarrhoea.
• Lethargy and weakness.
• Increased thirst and urination.

2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma primarily affects a cat's skin, particularly around the ears, nose, and mouth. This type of cancer is often linked to exposure to the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. If your cat shows the following symptoms, they may have Squamous Cell Carcinoma:

• Visible sores or wounds on the ears, nose, or mouth.
• Difficulty eating or drinking due to oral pain.
• Excessive drooling.
• Inflamed or red areas on the skin.
• Reluctance to be touched around affected areas.

3. Fibrosarcoma

Fibrosarcoma is a type of cancer that commonly affects cats. It originates in the fibrous connective tissues of the body. This aggressive form of cancer requires prompt attention and intervention as it can also develop in deeper tissues. Your cat might have Fibrosarcoma cancer if they shows the following symptoms:

• Lump or mass underneath the skin.
• Swelling and inflammation at the tumour site.
• Lameness or difficulty walking if the tumour affects limbs.
• Pain or discomfort when the tumour is touched.

4. Mammary Gland Tumours

Mammary gland tumours, or mammary gland neoplasia, are a concerning health issue affecting cats, especially unspayed females. These tumours originate in the mammary glands and can vary in nature from benign growths to malignant cancers. Look for the following symptoms if you suspect your cat has Mammary Gland Tumours.

• Noticeable lumps or masses in the mammary area.
• Swelling and redness from the mammary glands.
• Lethargy and decreased appetite.

5. Bone Cancer (Osteosarcoma)

Osteosarcoma, a type of bone cancer, is a rare but serious condition that can affect cats. This aggressive cancer originates in the bones, particularly the long bones of the legs, and can spread rapidly to other parts of the body. Your cat might have bone cancer if they show the following  symptoms:

• Lameness or limping, especially if it's persistent.
• Swelling around the affected bone.
• Reluctance to move or play.
• Fractures or breaks in the bone.

Diagnosing cat cancer requires a comprehensive approach considering a cat's medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Here are the main methods veterinarians use:

• Medical History and Physical Examination: The initial step in diagnosing cat cancer involves gathering the cat's medical history from the owner. A thorough physical examination follows, during which the veterinarian assesses the cat's overall condition and checks for any abnormalities, lumps, or changes in the skin.
• Imaging Tests: Tests such as X-rays, ultrasounds, and CT scans provide insights into the internal structures of the cat's body. These tests help identify the location, size, and extent of tumours or abnormal growths.
• Biopsy: It involves taking a small tissue sample from a suspected tumour or abnormal area. Biopsies help veterinarians identify the type of cancer and its aggressiveness, which guides treatment decisions.
• Blood Test: It assesses a cat's overall health and detects abnormalities. These tests provide valuable information about the cat's overall condition and aid in the diagnostic process.

Medical treatment aims to target cancer cells while minimising damage to healthy tissue. Here are some common medical treatment options:

• Chemotherapy: This involves administering drugs that target and destroy rapidly dividing cancer cells. While it can have side effects, such as nausea and fatigue, chemotherapy can effectively slow cancer progression and extend a cat's life.
• Radiation Therapy: This uses targeted high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It is often used for localised tumours and can be an effective option for certain types of cancer.
• Targeted Therapies: These focus on specific molecules or pathways contributing to cancer growth. These therapies can be more precise and cause fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy.
• Surgical Treatment: It involves physically removing tumours or cancerous tissue. For bone tumours or tumours affecting limbs, amputation might be recommended. In cases where complete removal isn't possible, debulking surgery reduces the size of the tumour, making other treatments more effective.

In addition to medical and surgical treatments, alternative and supportive therapies can enhance a cat's quality of life.

• Pain Management: Managing pain is essential for cats undergoing cancer treatment. Veterinary pain medications and therapies can help alleviate discomfort.
• Nutritional Support: A balanced and nutritious diet is crucial during cancer treatment. Veterinarians may recommend specialised diets to support the cat's immune system and overall well-being.
• Acupuncture and Physical Therapy: These therapies can help manage pain, improve mobility, and enhance the cat's overall comfort.

Therefore, cat cancer is a challenging and distressing condition that can affect our cherished feline friends. When faced with a cat cancer diagnosis, it's crucial to seek professional guidance from an oncologist who can recommend the most suitable treatment options.