Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Heart Disease in Cats: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Cats have an uncanny way of finding their way into your heart and ensuring their health is paramount. One of the key aspects of cat health that every owner should be well-versed in is the state of their heart.

Feline heart diseases can be subtle, yet they can profoundly impact your cats' lives.

This article explores heart disease in cats types, symptoms, vet diagnostics, treatments, and preventive measures for heart health in cat.

Heart disease in cats, also known as cardiomyopathy, impacts the heart's ability to contract, affecting the strength of these contractions and the overall blood circulation in the body.

The feline heart consists of four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. Blood enters the atria from the body and the lungs, then moves into the ventricles.

From there, it is either pumped to the lungs for oxygen or to the body through the aorta. Because the heart is a muscle, any extra work causes it to thicken and enlarge.

This thickening reduces elasticity and the ability to relax, leading to inadequate blood filling in the ventricles. This causes blood to back up into the heart and lungs, resulting in heart failure.

There are three primary types of heart disease that can impact cats.Understanding these types is essential for early detection and proper management to ensure the well-being of your cat. These include:

• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) in cats is the most common type of heart disease in cats. It is characterised by the thickening (hypertrophy) of the heart muscle, particularly the walls of the left ventricle. This thickening can obstruct blood flow from the heart and lead to various complications.
• Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterised by the enlargement (dilation) of the heart chambers, particularly the left ventricle. This condition leads to a weakened heart muscle and decreased ability to pump blood effectively.
  
• Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM) is characterised by a buildup of scar tissue on the heart's inner lining, which reduces the heart's filling and pumping efficiency.

Recognising the signs of heart disease in cats is crucial for early intervention. Cats are experts at hiding their discomfort, but these symptoms may indicate an underlying issue with their heart:

• Laboured Breathing: Rapid or difficult breathing, known as dyspnea, can be a sign of heart problems. Contact your veterinarian immediately if your cat is panting, breathing heavily, or struggling to catch their breath.
• Lethargy: A sudden lack of energy and enthusiasm in your cat could be a sign of heart disease. If your typically active cat becomes lazy and disinterested in play, it's time to investigate further.
  
• Weight Loss: Unexplained weight loss can be a symptom of heart disease. If your cat is losing weight despite a consistent diet, it's essential to consult your veterinarian.
  
• Reduced Appetite: Cats with heart issues may lose their appetite or show a decreased interest in food. This can lead to further weight loss and nutritional deficiencies.
  
• Restlessness: Restlessness, especially at night, can be a sign of discomfort caused by heart disease. Your cat may have trouble finding a comfortable resting position.
  
• Fainting or Collapsing: In severe cases, a cat with heart disease may faint or collapse due to inadequate blood flow. This is a medical emergency, and you should seek immediate veterinary attention.
  
• Fluid Retention: Cats with heart disease may experience fluid buildup in their abdomen, leading to a swollen or distended belly.
  
• Blue Gums or Tongue: In advanced cases, cats may develop cyanosis, where their gums or tongue appear bluish due to insufficient oxygen in the blood.
  
• Behavioural Changes: Cats in pain or discomfort may exhibit changes in behaviour, such as aggression or withdrawal. Pay attention to any unusual behaviour patterns.

Diagnosing heart disease in cats requires a systematic approach by a qualified veterinarian. Here are the key steps involved in diagnosing heart disease in feline companions:

• Physical Examination: During this examination, the vet will listen to your cat's heart and lungs using a stethoscope to detect abnormal sounds or rhythms and check for signs of fluid retention, such as a distended abdomen or swollen limbs.
• X-rays (Radiography): X-rays can provide valuable insights into the size and shape of your cat's heart. Enlargements or abnormalities in the heart's structure can be identified through this imaging technique.
  
• Echocardiogram (Cardiac Ultrasound): An echocardiogram is a specialised ultrasound that offers a detailed view of the heart's chambers, valves, and blood flow. It is particularly useful in diagnosing hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and congestive heart failure (CHF).
  
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): An ECG records the heart's electrical activity. Abnormal rhythms or patterns can indicate heart disease. This non-invasive test is often performed in a veterinary clinic.
  
• Blood and Urine Samples: Blood and urine samples will be taken to assess your cat's overall health. These samples can help rule out other conditions, such as anaemia or thyroid problems, that may contribute to heart disease.
  
• Blood Pressure Measurement: High blood pressure (hypertension) is a common consequence of heart disease in cats. Measuring your cat's blood pressure can provide valuable diagnostic information.

The specific treatment plan will depend on the type of heart disease diagnosed, its severity, and your cat's individual needs. Here are the common treatment options veterinarians employ:

1. Hospitalisation and Supportive Care

For cats with severe heart disease, hospitalisation may be necessary. This allows for close monitoring, oxygen therapy can be necessary to alleviate breathing difficulties , and the drainage of excess fluid using a catheter to relieve respiratory distress.

2. Medications

Your veterinarian will prescribe medications to manage your cat's symptoms and slow the progression of heart disease. These medications may include:

• Beta-blockers: These drugs slow the heart rate and reduce the heart's oxygen demand, improving blood flow.
• Anticoagulants: These medications help prevent the formation of blood clots, which can be a concern in cats with heart disease. However, they require close monitoring as they can increase the risk of bleeding.
  
• Calcium-channel blockers: Similar to beta-blockers, these medications also reduce the strength of the heart's contractions, allowing for more rest.
  
• Diuretics: Diuretics are used to remove excess fluid buildup in cases of congestive heart failure, reducing the strain on the heart and improving breathing.
  
• Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors: These drugs block certain hormones that are overstimulated in cats with heart disease, helping to improve heart function.

Preventing heart disease in cats is essential for ensuring their long and healthy lives. There are several proactive measures cat owners can take to reduce the risk of heart disease:

• Regular Veterinary Check-ups: Schedule annual check-ups with your veterinarian. These visits allow for early detection of underlying health issues, including heart disease.
• Balanced Diet: Feed your cat a high-quality, balanced diet that meets their specific nutritional needs. Consult your veterinarian for dietary recommendations, especially if your cat has known risk factors for heart disease.
  
• Weight Management: Maintain your cat at a healthy weight through proper diet and regular exercise. Obesity is a risk factor for heart disease.
  
• Stress Reduction: Cats are sensitive to stress, which can contribute to heart problems. Create a calm and comfortable living environment for your cat, and minimise stressors whenever possible.
  
• Avoid Secondhand Smoke: Exposure to secondhand smoke can harm your cat's heart and respiratory system. Avoid smoking in your home or near your cat.
  
• Supplements: Consult your veterinarian about supplements like omega-3 fatty acids, which may support heart health.
  

Heart disease in cats is a serious and often complex health condition that requires careful attention and management. 

Early detection through regular veterinary check-ups, along with proper nutrition and medication when necessary, can greatly improve a cat's quality of life and lifespan. Therefore, understanding heart health of cat is vital for every cat owner.