Symptoms of Snake Bites, Treatment & Prevention

Snake bites are an all-too-common occurrence in various parts of the world, especially in regions where venomous snakes thrive. These encounters can lead to severe consequences, including infections and life-threatening complications.

Understanding how to manage it, recognising snake bite symptoms, and knowing the appropriate snake bite treatment and first aid measures are essential for anyone in snake-prone areas.

A snake bite occurs when a snake injects its venom into a human or animal through its fangs. Venomous snakes have specialised glands and hollow fangs designed to deliver their toxic substances effectively. 

Snake bites are typically divided into two categories: venomous and non-venomous.

Venomous snake bites are the most concerning, as they can lead to severe health complications or even death if not treated promptly. Common venomous snakes include vipers, cobras, rattlesnakes, and various species of elapids. 

On the other hand, nonvenomous snake bites may cause minor injuries and discomfort but are generally not life-threatening. It's crucial to differentiate between the two and respond accordingly.

The first moments after a snake bite are critical, and knowing how to respond can significantly affect the outcome. 

Here are the steps to follow if a snake bites you or someone you are with:

• Stay Calm: Panicking can increase your heart rate, which may spread the venom more quickly through your bloodstream. Try to remain as calm as possible.
• Call for Help: Dial emergency services immediately. Provide your location and describe the snake if possible. This will ensure that professional medical assistance is on the way.
  
• Immobilise the Affected Limb: If the bite is on an arm or leg, immobilise it by splinting or using a bandage to limit movement. This can help slow the spread of venom.
  
• Keep the Bite Area at or Below Heart Level: This can also help reduce the spread of venom. Avoid raising the bitten limb.
  
• Remove Tight Clothing and Jewellery: Swelling can occur, so removing anything that might constrict blood flow if swelling becomes significant is essential.
  
• Clean the Wound Gently: Use soap and water to clean the bite site carefully, reducing the risk of infection. However, avoid vigorous scrubbing that might aggravate the wound.
  
• Cover the Wound: Apply a clean, sterile bandage or dressing to the bite site to keep it clean and prevent contamination.
• Seek Medical Attention: Regardless of whether you believe the snake is venomous or not, it's crucial to seek immediate medical attention. Medical professionals can assess the bite and administer appropriate treatment.

The snake bite treatment primarily depends on whether the snake is venomous or non-venomous.

• Antivenom:  If it's a venomous snake, antivenom is the only treatment. Antivenom is a specialised serum containing antibodies that neutralise snake venom.
• Clean the Wound: Clean the bite wound with soap and water. Avoid alcohol or other harsh chemicals for cleaning wounds, as they can further damage tissue.
  
• Apply an Antiseptic: After cleaning the wound, apply an antiseptic or antibiotic ointment to prevent infection.
  
• Pain Management: Over-the-counter pain relievers can help manage pain and reduce inflammation.
  
• Tetanus Shot: Ensure that your tetanus vaccination is up to date. Snake bites can introduce bacteria into the body, potentially causing tetanus.
  
• Seek Medical Evaluation: Even if the snake is non-venomous or the symptoms are mild, it's crucial to seek medical evaluation to monitor the wound for signs of infection and ensure proper healing.

While knowing what steps to take when treating a snake bite is essential, it's equally important to be aware of what NOT to do. 

The following actions should be avoided when dealing with a snake bite:

• Do Not Cut the Wound: Cutting the bite site with a knife or razor blade is ineffective and can lead to further tissue damage and infection.
• Do Not Suck the Venom Out: Sucking the venom out with your mouth is ineffective and can introduce bacteria from your mouth into the wound, increasing the risk of infection.
  
• Do Not Apply Ice or a Tourniquet: These can worsen tissue damage and may lead to complications.
  
• Do Not Use Electric Shocks: Electric shock devices have no proven benefit and can be harmful.
  
• Avoid Alcohol or Caffeine: These substances can increase blood flow, potentially spreading the venom more rapidly through the body.
  
• Don't Wait or Delay Medical Treatment: Regardless of the snake's species or the severity of symptoms, seeking prompt medical attention is crucial.

After receiving appropriate medical snake bite treatment, there are important post-treatment considerations:

• Monitoring: Medical professionals will continue to monitor your condition closely. The response to antivenom, if administered, will be assessed, and any allergic reactions or complications will be addressed. Sometimes, you might need IV fluids or a blood transfusion if there’s blood loss. 
• Wound Care: Proper wound care remains essential in the post-treatment phase. Follow your healthcare provider's instructions to keep the wound clean and prevent infection.
  
• Recovery: The recovery period can vary depending on the severity of the bite and the type of snake. Some individuals may experience lingering symptoms, such as pain or weakness, requiring ongoing medical care or physical therapy.
  
• Follow-up: Your healthcare provider will likely schedule follow-up appointments to assess your progress and ensure no long-term complications.
  
• Psychological Support: Snake bites can be traumatic experiences. Seek psychological support if needed to help cope with any anxiety or fear resulting from the incident.

Preventing snake bites is the most effective way to avoid the potentially dangerous consequences of snake envenomation. Here are some strategies to minimise the risk of snake bites:

• Know Your Environment: Familiarise yourself with the local snake species in your area or the region you plan to visit. This knowledge will help you recognise potential dangers.
• Wear Appropriate Clothing: When in snake-prone areas, wear long pants, high-top boots, and thick socks. This provides an additional barrier between you and a potential snake bite.
  
• Use Caution When Stepping Over Rocks and Logs: Snakes often hide in such places, so take care when stepping over them. Use a stick or another tool to prod the area before proceeding.
  
• Stay on Established Trails: Avoid wandering off designated paths, as snakes are more likely to be found in dense undergrowth or tall grass.
  
• Use a Flashlight at Night: If you're out after dark, use a flashlight to illuminate your path and deter snakes from approaching.
  
• Keep a Safe Distance: If you encounter a snake, maintain a safe distance and do not attempt to handle it. Most snake bites occur when people attempt to capture or kill the snake.
  
• Educate Children: Teach children about the dangers of snakes and the importance of not approaching or attempting to touch them.

Snake bites are a potential threat in many parts of the world, but with knowledge, awareness, and proper precautions, the risk can be significantly reduced. It is a life-threatening incident that requires immediate attention and proper care. 

Additionally, understanding snake behaviour and taking preventive measures can help reduce the risk of encountering snakes in the first place.