Neurodegenerative Diseases - Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Although the most vulnerable people with neurodegenerative diseases belong to the age group over 60, one can also get these before that age. Let’s discover its types, symptoms, causes, risk factors and many other aspects of these disorders.

A neurodegenerative disease refers to a medical condition in which neurons of the central nervous system get damaged. Unlike cells within the body, a dead or completely damaged neuron cannot repair or regenerate itself. As a result, the nervous system and the brain become unable to function properly.

Nevertheless, the neurological disorder is an umbrella term. It is used for various health conditions in which the brain cells and neurons get affected, including Alzheimer’s disease, Lewy Body Dementia, etc.

Here are some of the most common types of neurodegenerative diseases:

• Alzheimer’s Disease: In Alzheimer’s disease, the brain cells start degenerating, resulting in the continuous shrinking of the organ (atrophy). It is one of the most influencing factors of dementia. It reduces the patient’s ability to think and behave as they ought to. Initially, the patient forgets their recent actions and events and gradually, as the disease develops, they may not be able to perform common regular tasks. Besides, depression, social withdrawal, distrust in others, apathy, mood swings, etc., are some of the common complications of this illness. Individuals generally get this disease after they become over 60 years old. Nevertheless, the early onset of Alzheimer’s disease can affect people belonging to the age group of 30 to 60.

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a nervous disorder in which the brain, spinal cord and nerve cells get affected. As a result, it becomes difficult for a patient to control their body muscles. At the initial stage, one may experience weakness or twitching of their muscles or limbs, including the stammering speech. Gradually, they lose the necessary control over their muscles and senses. As a result, speaking, eating, moving, breathing, etc. becomes difficult.

• Huntington's Disease: Huntington's disease is also a progressive neurological illness in which nerve cells start degenerating. It is an inherited disorder that reduces the functional ability of patients, including thinking and movement. Some of the movement-related complications of this disease are involuntary jerking, rigidity and contraction of muscles, impaired posture, slow eye movement, difficulty in speaking and eating, etc. Besides these, it can cause psychiatric complications like apathy, insomnia, suicidal tendency, etc.

• Lewy Body Dementia: It is also a progressive disorder causing dementia, like Alzheimer's. It is caused by abnormal deposition of alpha-synuclein protein, which is also known as Lewy body. As a result of this unnecessary protein and associated chemical changes, the brain's functionalities get hampered. Due to this, patients experience difficulties in movement, controlling mood, thinking, etc. They can also experience hallucinations and an inability to pay attention to anything in particular.

• Parkinson's Disease: It is a type of neurodegenerative disease in which patients’ nervous systems get affected, and they lose control of a particular part of their bodies. Uncontrolled or involuntary tremor is the major complications of this disease. It reduces the ability to show facial expressions at the initial stage. Further on, speech gets affected and becomes slurred.

There are some common symptoms that you can observe in different types of neurodegenerative diseases. They are as follows:

• Reduced mental ability
• Loss of muscular control
• Learning new skills takes a prolonged time
• Disorientation
• Depression
• Loss of memory
• Detachment from society
• Emotional blunting
• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Coping with irrelevant and undesired thoughts and feelings

It is better if you can get medical attention quicker. With proper treatment and medication, you will be able to stunt the progress of aggravations in symptoms.

Following are some major factors that cause neurodegenerative diseases:

• Neuronal Damage: Neurons are the building block of the nervous system of your body. These help the human body collect senses from the external world to the brain and receive commands from it so that the muscles can respond accordingly. With ageing, neurons get damaged. However, it does not regenerate like other body parts. The capacity of your brain starts shrinking with age. As a result, patients may witness affected or improper functioning of their brains.

• Genetic and Environmental Factors: Heredity and external factors can also pose potential risks of causing neurodegenerative disease. If you have a family history of these medical conditions, you must stay aware. Besides genetics, your long exposure to external factors, including certain chemicals and toxic substances, may lead to the development of a neurodegenerative illness.

• Abnormal Proteins: Abnormal proteins developed within your brain cells can also put you at risk of getting a neurodegenerative disease. This is because these proteins damage the nerve cells and thereby weaken your overall nervous system. In this respect, you also need to know that beta-amyloid, a protein, has a connection with the development of Alzheimer's disease. On the other hand, a different protein, synuclein, has linkages with a patient's development of Parkinson's disease.

The major risk factor for neurodegenerative disease is age, as the nerve cells start dying the older you get. For this, individuals also experience brain trauma-like incidents. Besides this, other risk factors for these diseases are as follows:

• Smoking
• Stroke
• Poor diet
• Depression
• Alcohol consumption
• Brain tumour

As mentioned, there are several types of neurodegenerative disorders. While diagnosis, doctors first test your cognitive ability. If they find that your cognitive function is improper, they may perform Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) testing.

Doctors carefully examine the image produced through the process to detect any sign of developing a neurodegenerative disease. At the next stage, they may conduct microRNA testing to know the existence of probable biomarkers of these diseases.

There is no particular therapy or treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Still, doctors prescribe some medicines and psychotherapy to treat patients with these disorders and alleviate the symptoms while preventing complications.

This way, they focus on giving patients relief from their symptoms. Nevertheless, since these disorders are progressive in nature, it is impossible to stop the disease and associated symptoms from growing.

Ageing is one of the major factors causing the degeneration of nerve cells, and one cannot control it. Further, the other causes influencing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases are also not controllable. This is why there are no particular ways to help prevent these disorders. You can, however, control the risk factors like smoking, diet and consumption.

You need to get a doctor’s advice as soon as you notice the symptoms of these diseases. They will help you stay informed about whether you actually have any neurodegenerative disease. You can also get the necessary medications sooner and stunt the growth of symptoms.

Neurodegenerative diseases affect the functionalities of the brain as the nerve cells die. As a result, the nervous system fails to transmit signals from the brain to the organs. There are different types of this disorder, all having distinguished complications and symptoms. A neurodegenerative disorder may affect the control over voluntary muscles and mental ability and may cause a patient to experience hallucinations, delusions, etc.