Everything about Balance of Trade: Definition, Types and Interpretation
The difference in the value of a country’s exports and imports over a period of time is referred to as the balance of trade or BOT. Experts also refer to it as trade balance, which is a significant component of the Balance of Payment of any country.
The Central bank of every country uses the balance of trade to compute the value of its current account, which is an important indicator of a country’s economy.
Read on to know more about BOT, its types and its importance for our economy.
What Is the Balance of Trade?
A balance of trade is a monetary value representing a country's trade value. It can be computed by subtracting the value of the country's imports in a given period from the value of the exports.
The trade balance can be either positive or negative depending on a country's trading ability. A positive BOT indicates that the country is experiencing a trade surplus. On the other hand, a negative international trade balance shows a situation of trade deficit for the country.
A trade surplus for the country means that the country is exporting more than what it is importing. At the same time, a trade deficit means that the economy is more dependent on imports.
Now that we have defined the balance of trade let’s discuss the types of BOT and their importance in an economy.
What Are the Different Types of Balance of Trade?
1. Favourable Trade Balance
It is also popularly referred to as trade surplus. In a favourable trade balance, a country's total exports exceed the total imports. Many experts consider this to be an ideal situation for any nation.
A favourable trade balance helps nations boost their foreign exchange reserves. It leads to the macroeconomic stability of the country as well as leads the nation onto a higher economic growth trajectory.
2. Unfavourable Trade Balance
This is the complete opposite of a favourable trade balance. In this case, the total imports of a nation exceed the total exports to other countries. It is also known as a trade deficit for an economy.
An unfavourable trade balance does not bode well for any nation. A persistent and high trade deficit can destabilise a nation and cause a total collapse of the economy. There have been many instances, like Venezuela, Sri Lanka, Argentina, etc., with a persistently high unfavourable trade balance, which ultimately led to the complete collapse of the domestic currency and disastrous consequences for the nation.
3. Equilibrium Trade Balance
Another type of balance of trade is the equilibrium trade balance. In this case, the total amount or value of exports equals the total amount of imports. However, this is practically impossible as imports and exports cannot be equal.
What Is the Importance of Balance Of Trade for an Economy?
The value of BOT indicates the foreign trading situation of the country. You can tell whether the country exports more or imports more by looking at the BOT figures. If there is a trade surplus, it indicates that the country is exporting more than what it is buying from other countries. If there is a trade deficit, it suggests that the country is importing more than exporting to other nations.
However, BOT cannot be the sole indicator for judging an economy's performance. The foreign trading policies adopted by countries, the size of their trade deficit and the duration of the trade deficit play an important role in analysing the country's economic health.
For example, the United States of America has a trade deficit with several Asian countries. It does not mean that the economy of the USA is weak or vulnerable. This merely indicates the foreign policy strategy adopted by the government of the USA.
Having said that, a balance of trade plays an important role in maintaining the sustainability of an economy. Improper management of BOT can prove detrimental to the country in the long run.
What Are the Examples of Balance of Trade?
Let’s understand this more clearly by taking an example of the balance of trade. The following data reflects India’s balance of trade between 2011 and 2020:
|
Year |
Value of BOT ($ billion) |
Trade Deficit/Surplus |
|
2011 |
119.8 |
Trade deficit |
|
2012 |
112.9 |
Trade deficit |
|
2013 |
55.3 |
Trade deficit |
|
2014 |
60.9 |
Trade deficit |
|
2015 |
48.3 |
Trade deficit |
|
2016 |
40.5 |
Trade deficit |
|
2017 |
83.8 |
Trade deficit |
|
2018 |
101.7 |
Trade deficit |
|
2019 |
73 |
Trade deficit |
|
2020 |
10.3 |
Trade deficit |
Source: Macroeconomic trends
As seen from the above table, India has maintained a consistent trade deficit in the last decade. At the start of the decade in 2011 and 2012, showing a weak economy. However, the situation continuously improved, and although India is facing an unfavourable trade balance, it’s manageable.
What is the Formula for Balance of Trade?
The formula for Balance of Trade is given below:
Balance of Trade (BOT) = Total Value of Exports – Total Value of Imports |
This formula can provide either a negative value or a positive value depending on the value of exports and imports.
How to Calculate Balance of Trade?
We can calculate BOT by using the following example.
Suppose China exports goods and services worth $521 billion in the year 2021-22. On the other hand, its total imports for the given year are fixed at $412 billion.
Now, let’s use the formula mentioned above to compute the trade balance.
Balance of Trade (BOT) = $521 billion - $412 billion = $109 billion |
As exports are higher than imports, the value indicates a trade surplus.
Balance of trade is an essential concept in international trade and macroeconomics. One can assess a nation's trade policies and strategy by looking at this value. This detailed BOT guide will help you understand the intricacies of export and imports and their impact on the economy.
