Different Types of Insurance Policies in India

Accidents or losses of any kind, including death, are the formidable realities that come uninvited, without a knock on the door, and turn our lives upside down. While there is absolutely nothing that we can do to stop these uncertainties, we can certainly make our lives shockproof. 

Insurance is a tool that provides us with much-needed protection from uncertainties. Now, selecting the correct type of insurance with the right amount is one prudent decision we need to make to safeguard our assets or financial stability. 

While there is a wide range of Insurance types available in the market, all of them can be broadly classified into two main categories: 

1. General Insurance

2. Life Insurance

While Life Insurance provides you with financial coverage against your life, a General Insurance policy indemnifies you against any losses for your non-life assets. 

Below is the further classification of the above two types of Insurance: 

1. General Insurance

The major kind of General Insurance Policies in India are: 

• Health Insurance
• Motor Insurance
• Travel Insurance
• Property Insurance
• Commercial Insurance
• Asset Insurance
• Pet Insurance
• Bite-Sized Insurance

2. Life Insurance

The major kind of Life Insurance Policies in India are:

• Term Insurance
• Whole Life Insurance
• Endowment Policy
• Money Back Policy
• Pension Plan
• Unit Linked Insurance Plans
• Child Plans

Let's have an extensive look at all the above types of Insurance:

Basically, an insurance that does not lie in the ambit of Life Insurance is General Insurance.

General Insurance provides coverage against any financial loss incurred due to any loss or destruction of the insured asset. It safeguards your assets like a Bike, Car, Home, Travel, Health, or even your beloved electronic gadgets from any loss.

1. Health Insurance

A Health Insurance is your savior against the expenses incurred due to any illness or medical emergency.   

There are various types of health insurance available based on their coverage: 

• Individual Health Insurance: Covers one policyholder. 
• Family Floater Health Insurance: Covers the complete family under a single policy.  
• Group Health Insurance: Covers the employees of an organization. 

These have different products under them based on their usage and many other factors. Here is a list of major types of health insurance products available in India:  

• Senior Citizen Health Insurance
• Maternity Health Insurance  
• Aarogya Sanjeevani 
  
• Super Top-Up Insurance
• OPD Insurance
• Personal Accident Cover

2. Motor Insurance

You must have a Motor insurance policy not just because it is mandatory in India but also because the policy ensures that the vehicle has complete protection against physical damage from natural or artificial calamities and third-party liabilities arising from the insured vehicle.  

Based on the type of vehicle they cover, Motor Insurance is broadly categorized into:

• Car Insurance
• Two-wheeler Insurance
• Commercial Vehicle Insurance

The different types of Motor Insurance Policies available in the market under the ones mentioned above are as follows: 

• Third-party insurance Policy: Pays the financial liability to the third party affected in the mishap, ensuring you do not face legal hassle due to the accident. 
  
• Comprehensive Insurance Policy: Apart from covering third-party liabilities, these plans also cover the expenses incurred for repairing the damages to the policyholder’s vehicle due to an accident, fire, artificial and natural calamities, riots and other such instances.
• Own Damage Policy: With Own Damage Cover, you receive the same benefits as a comprehensive policy without the third-party liability portion of the policy.

Additionally, you can purchase some add-ons like Zero depreciation cover, Loss of personal belongings cover, Pay-as-you-drive cover, Daily conveyance cover, etc. to ensure that you are covered against any eventuality. 

3. Travel Insurance

Travel Insurance is your financial safeguard when you are travelling. It covers loss of baggage, loss of passport, hijacking, medical emergencies, delayed flights, accidental deaths, adventure sports etc. 

The major types of travel insurance are: 

• Domestic Travel Insurance: For travel within the country
• International Travel Insurance: For travel outside the country
• Student Travel Insurance: If you are moving abroad for higher studies. 

Under the above types, there are different products like Individual Travel Insurance, Family Travel Insurance, Senior Citizen Travel Insurance, Corporate Travel Insurance, Multi Trip Travel Insurance, Single Trip Travel Insurance and Schengen Travel Insurance.  

4. Property Insurance

A Property Insurance Policy provides financial reimbursement to the owner/renter of a building and its contents.

Some products available in the market under property insurance include: 

• Home Insurance 
  
• Shop Insurance 
• Burglary Insurance  
• Office Insurance 
• Fire Insurance:

5. Commercial Insurance

A Commercial Lines Insurance policy ensures that the business does not face any financial burden because of any financial and business risks. It provides coverage to business, its employees and ownership.

Furthermore, Commercial Insurance has several Insurance types based on the type of asset covered, viz:  

• Liability Insurance: Provides coverage against damage to any third party and offers the following types of Policies:
  
  • Directors and Office Liability Insurance 
  • General Liability Insurance 
  • Public Liability Insurance
  • Cyber Insurance

• Marine Cargo Insurance: This Insurance indemnifies the goods/cargo carried through inland transit. 

• Engineering Insurance: A comprehensive insurance that provides complete protection against all risks associated with engineering and machinery, like the risk faced by the ongoing construction project, installation project and machines and equipment in project operation. It includes the following insurance products: 
  • Contractor’s All-Risk Insurance
  • Erection All Risk Insurance
  • Plant and Machinery Insurance

• Workmen Compensation Insurance: Workmen Compensation provides financial coverage to employees who get injured or die in any mishap during work.

• Crop Insurance: Crop Insurance covers the financial losses that a bad crop season, crop failure or any other related menace might bring in for the agriculturists. 

Apart from the above major categories of General Insurance, there are a few more types as below: 

6. Asset Insurance

Asset Insurance provides financial coverage to your assets like Mobile, TV, and other appliances or electronics so that their expensive repair doesn’t hit your pocket.  

7. Pet Insurance

Pet Insurance covers your furry baby’s health and well-being requirements, such as any medical condition, such as pregnancy complications, dental treatments, and insect-borne diseases. It also covers a lot of other conditions like pet theft, loss or damages to a third party because of the pet, accidents, overseas coverage and many more, depending on your insurance provider. 

8. Bite-Size Insurance

Bite-size Insurance, or small-ticket insurance/sachet insurance is available at very low premiums and focuses on specific needs. More than being a type, it is a category of insurance that is unrestricted across all categories like health, travel, property etc. 

A few common Bite-Sized insurance products available in the market are: 

• Online Fraud Protection
• Cab Ride Insurance
• Backpack Insurance
• Marathon Insurance, and many more.

Life Insurance provides financial coverage for the most uncertain part of human life: Life itself! Thus, it offers financial protection to the Life Assured's family in case of unfortunate events like the death or disability of the policyholder. In addition to the life coverage, some policies also provide a savings component and can be used as a prudent investment option. 

Below are the major types of Life Insurance policies in India:

1. Term Insurance

Term Insurance is the most basic type of Life Insurance that provides Life Cover for a predetermined period called the 'term' of the policy. 

Since they do not offer any cash value, they are generally available at a much lower premium than other products for the same amount of coverage. If the Life Assured dies during the policy term, the nominee receives the Sum Assured, and there is no maturity value if the Life Assured survives the policy term. However, certain Term Plans offer the option of Return of Premium which is paid to the policyholder if Life Assured survives the policy term.  

2. Whole Life Insurance

Also known as Traditional Life Insurance, Whole Life Insurance provides coverage for the policyholder's entire life. Besides this life cover, they also have a savings component and accrue periodic bonuses. 

Generally, the Whole Life Insurance Plans have a maturity period of 100 years, and if a policyholder survives this term; they are paid a maturity amount.  

3. Endowment Policy

A perfect mix of Investment and Insurance, Endowment Plans provide Life Coverage and help build a corpus for major life goals. 

A portion of the premium goes towards Sum Assured while the other portion is invested in certain low-risk investments. In case of the policyholder's demise during the policy term, the Sum Assured is paid to the nominee. However, if the policyholder survives the term, they receive a maturity amount along with the accrued bonuses. 

Thus, Endowment Plans serve the dual purpose of Insurance and Investment.  

4 . Money Back Policy

Money Back Policies are essentially the Endowment Plans only with the additional feature of payments at certain pre-defined intervals during the policy term. Additionally, on maturity, the maturity benefits are paid along with accrued bonuses.

In case of the policyholder’s demise during the term, Sum Assured is paid to the nominee regardless of the survival benefits already paid.

5. Unit Linked Insurance Plans

ULIPs provide Life Coverage and capital-building opportunities by investing in various market-related instruments and funds of varying risks. 

ULIPs have some underlying funds related to different asset classes like Equity, Hybrid and Debt funds where a certain portion of the premium is invested as per the policyholder's risk appetite. While this portion of the premium helps generate returns, the other portion goes to the Life Coverage part. 

ULIPs are flexible to a certain extent. They allow partial withdrawal after a lock-in period of 5 years and the switching of funds that can help you customize your investment as per your financial goal and life stage.

6. Pension Plan

Also known as Retirement Plan, Pension Plan helps to accumulate wealth for the golden years of one's life and helps you deal with the financial uncertainties of the post-retirement phase.

Thus, a pension plan allows you to contribute a specific portion of your income as a premium during your earning years. Subsequently, in your retirement phase, this accumulated amount is paid back to you in the form of an annuity or pension at regular intervals.  

7. Child Plans

These are specially designed endowment plans meant to financially secure a child's future in case any mishap occurs with their parents or, more importantly, the sole earning parent. 

In the event of the policyholder's death, the child receives a certain sum assured. However, the policy does not end there. Future premiums are waived off/paid by the insurer, and the child also keeps receiving some amount at regular intervals. This plan ensures the demise of the earning parent does not impact the child's education. 

Benefits of General Insurance

Any individual needs to have a general insurance policy owing to the risks posed by accidents, medical emergencies, natural calamities, and other unforeseen circumstances. The policy provides financial protection in case such situations arise in our lives. We cannot predict an accident or calamity; however, we can be better prepared to handle them.

Here are a few benefits that General Insurance provides:

• For most categories, having insurance coverage is compulsory by law. One example is the Motor Vehicles Act 1988, which made motor insurance compulsory. Thus, while following the mandatory regulation, you also ensure your beloved vehicle is financially protected.
• General Insurance Plans provide compensation against losses. Thus, across all categories, they serve one primary purpose: to provide financial protection and safeguard your savings in case any unfortunate situation arises.
• Many General Insurance Plans provide tax benefits. For example, the premium paid towards medical insurance offers tax benefits under Section 80D of the Income Tax Act.

Benefits of Life Insurance

Life Insurance is basically the Kavach that protects your dependent family if, God forbid, anything happens to you. Here are the most crucial benefits that Life Insurance provides:

• The primary and foremost benefit that Life Insurance provides is financial security. It's the cushion that ensures your family's finances remain unaffected even in the case of the breadwinner's demise. 
• With a Life Insurance Policy, you can also avail of tax benefits. The premium paid towards a Life Insurance Policy is tax-free under section 80C of the IT Act. Also, the returns, be it sum assured, maturity benefit or bonus, are tax-free under Section 10(10)D of the IT Act.
• With Life Insurance in place, you can be stress-free about a loan repayment even in case of death. Your insurance will take care of the loan repayment and ensure that your dependent family does not deal with this financial struggle.
• Life Insurance is an excellent method to secure your child's future financially. While building a corpus for higher studies, Child Education Plans also ensure that your child's education goals remain unaffected even in case of any unfortunate incident like the death of the earning parent. 
• Retirement Plans are annuity based and provide you with the option of periodic payments after retirement. Not just that, they also serve the primary purpose of providing life cover and financially securing your dependents.