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10 Most Significant Diseases Caused by Air Pollution

What are Air Pollution Diseases?

Where are the Causes of Air Pollution Diseases?

10 Diseases Caused by Air Pollution in Humans

Which Air Pollutants Lead to Diseases in the Human Body?

Polluted air consists of several air pollutants which are responsible for causing harm to the human body. Some of these toxic pollutants that contribute towards the occurrence of various diseases caused by air pollution are:

Pollutant Description
Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5) Particulate matter (PM) contains small airborne particles such as soot, drops of liquids, and dust. Most particulate matter in urban regions results from burning fossil fuels in automobiles, power plants, non-road equipment, and industrial facilities. Other sources include diesel emissions, dust, and secondary particle formation from vapours and gases.

Coarse particulate matter or PM10 refers to particles that are less than 10 microns in diameter and are responsible for causing nasal and upper respiratory tract health issues. On the other hand, fine particles of PM2.5 measure less than 2.5 microns in diameter. These particles penetrate deeper into the lungs and lead to several diseases caused by air pollution in India, like strokes, asthma, bronchitis, heart attacks, lung disease, cancer, and premature death from heart ailments. Higher PM2.5 exposure also results in impairing brain development in children.
Nitrogen Oxides (NO And NO2) The transportation sector is primarily responsible for generating nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen oxide (NO). NOx, a combination of NO2 and NO, forms in high concentrations around roadways. It can lead to exacerbations and the development of bronchitis and asthma. It also increases the risk of heart disease.
Black Carbon (BC) Black carbon is a component of particulate matter and forms due to burning fuel, especially wood, coal, and diesel. The majority of the air pollution regulations focus on PM2.5, but black carbon exposure can lead to severe health issues.

Individuals with high exposure to BC over an extended period are at higher risk of stroke and heart attack. Moreover, names of other diseases caused by air pollution, like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchitis, asthma, hypertension, and different kinds of cancer, are linked with black carbon.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) The presence of sulphur dioxide in the air is mainly due to the burning of fossil fuels containing sulphur. Ship engines, heavy diesel equipment, etc., burn fuel that contains sulphur.

SO2 increases susceptibility to respiratory infections, leads to eye irritation, affects the cardiovascular system, and worsens asthma. When sulphur dioxide combines with water, it leads to the formation of a known contributor to deforestation and the major component of acid rain - sulphuric acid.
Ozone (O3) Ozone that is high in the atmosphere protects from ultraviolet radiation. But, ozone present at ground level acts as a severe respiratory irritant and can cause various diseases caused by air pollution.

Ozone forms in the atmosphere through reactions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. Both these result from the combustion of fossil fuels. Short-term exposure to ozone leads to throat infection, chest pain, and coughing. On the other hand, long-term exposure results in decreased lung function and leads to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Moreover, exposure to ozone can aggravate existing lung ailments.

What Are the Harmful Effects of Air-Borne Diseases?

Signs and Symptoms of Diseases Caused by Air Pollution

What Are the Different Risk Factors for Diseases Caused By Air Pollution?

The risk factors for diseases aggravated by air pollution include geographical location and lifestyle habits.

Risk Factor Description
Age Children and the elderly are more susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution due to their vulnerable health conditions.
Pre-existing Health Conditions Individuals with respiratory or cardiovascular conditions, such as asthma or heart disease, are at higher risk of exacerbation from air pollution.
Occupational Exposure Jobs that involve exposure to pollutants, such as construction or factory work, increase the risk of related diseases.
Smoking Smokers are more likely to suffer from the effects of air pollution, as smoking already compromises lung function.
Geographical Location Living in areas with high industrial emissions or heavy traffic levels can increase exposure to harmful pollutants.
Genetics Genetic predispositions can make some individuals more vulnerable to the effects of air pollution.
Lifestyle Factors Poor lifestyle choices, such as lack of physical activity, can exacerbate the health impacts of air pollution.

Both outdoor and indoor air pollutants cause harm to individuals. Individuals come in contact with indoor air pollutants mainly from using biomass, wood, and coal for cooking food. The levels of outdoor air pollution are worse in regions undergoing rapid industrialisation. Huge population areas having unsustainable emission policies are the highest risk areas for living.

How to Diagnose Diseases Caused by Air Pollution?

Diagnosing diseases caused by air pollution involves identifying symptoms and linking them to pollution exposure. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment and mitigating long-term health impacts.

Diagnostic Method

Description

Medical History and Physical Exam

Evaluates symptoms and exposure history, including recent environmental conditions and occupational exposures.

Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)

Measures lung function to assess conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by evaluating airflow and lung capacity.

Chest X-Ray

Visualises lung structure to identify damage or abnormalities, such as inflammation or fluid accumulation caused by air pollution.

CT Scan of the Chest

Provides detailed imaging to detect more subtle changes in lung tissue and evaluate the extent of damage or disease progression.

Blood Tests

Assesses overall health and detects inflammation or infection markers related to exposure to air pollutants.

Allergy Testing

Identifies allergic reactions to specific pollutants or environmental allergens contributing to respiratory symptoms.

Spirometry

A specific type of pulmonary function test measures how much and quickly air can be expelled from the lungs, helping diagnose conditions like asthma and COPD.

Environmental Monitoring

Measures exposure levels to air pollutants in the patient's environment to correlate symptoms with specific pollutants.

Treatment Methods for Air Pollution Diseases

What Are the Preventive Measures to Control Disease Caused by Air Pollution?

Does Health Insurance Cover Air Pollution Diseases?

FAQs about Diseases Caused by Air Pollution